The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). World leaders, scientists, civil society, and the private sector from nearly 200 countries gather to negotiate global climate action, review progress, and strengthen commitments to combat climate change. The first conference was held in 1995, and since 31 years have passed, this edition is known as COP 31.
2025 marks the deadline for countries to submit updated, more ambitious climate action plans.
Global temperature have risen 1.55 ℃ above pre-industrial levels, accelerating
climate impact.
Developing nations need $6 trillion annually by 2030 for climate action and adaptation.
First conference held in Berlin, establishing the framework for future climate negotiations
Kyoto Protocol adopted, setting binding emission targets for developed nations
Historic Paris Agreement signed, committing all nations to limit global warming
Glasgow summit emphasized methane reductions and coal phase-out commitments
Turn commitments into concrete and measurable initiatives.
The Challenge
Despite decades of agreements, global emissions continue rising. The gap between pledges and actual policy implementation remains stubbornly wide.
Key Obstacles
While nations pledge ambitious targets, implementation lags significantly behind commitments. Bridging this gap is COP 31's central challenge.
Maximum warming limit to avoid catastrophic climate impacts
Actual warming with climate change mitigation projects
Projected warming by 2100 based on existing policies
Turn commitments into measurable initiatives through coordinated governance
Mobilise funds and restructure debts for climate-vulnerable developing countries.
Accelerating the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy through Decarbonisation Deals Platform
The Stakes
Every fraction of a degree matters. COP 31’s decisions will determine whether we can still limit warming to 1.5°C or lock in more severe, irreversible climate impacts.
Will COP 31 secure binding commitments to eliminate coal, oil, and gas production?
How will historical responsibility and capacity differences shape negotiations?
Can transparent trading systems drive real emissions reductions without loopholes?
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